Questão de Inglês — conectivos e referência pronominal

For most of human history, the elderly made up only a small fraction of the population. Today, thanks to better healthcare, nutrition and sanitation, people are living longer than ever before. At the same time, birth rates have fallen in most parts of the world, as families choose to have fewer children. The combination of these two trends is changing the age structure of societies at an unprecedented speed.

In some countries, the number of people over 65 already exceeds the number of children under 15. This shift poses serious challenges for public finances. Pension systems that were designed when there were many workers for each retiree now face growing deficits, since fewer contributors must support a larger number of beneficiaries. Health systems are also under pressure, because older people are more likely to suffer from chronic diseases that require long-term treatment.

Governments have responded by raising the retirement age, encouraging older people to stay in the workforce and, in some cases, attracting young immigrants to fill labour shortages. Such measures are often unpopular, particularly changes to pension rules, which tend to provoke strong protests.

Ageing, nevertheless, should not be seen only as a burden. Older adults frequently care for grandchildren, volunteer in their communities and transfer knowledge to younger colleagues. Moreover, the so-called "silver economy", which includes products and services designed for people over 60, is expanding rapidly and creating new business opportunities.

Experts stress that the countries best prepared for this demographic change will be those that act early, adapting cities, transport and workplaces to the needs of an older population before the pressure becomes unmanageable.