Inglês — compreensão de texto e estratégias de leitura

Flashcards de Inglês — compreensão de texto e estratégias de leitura

Tente lembrar antes de virar o card.

• Comparativos em inglês: o que significam twice as much as, more than any other, even larger e the next-closest?

  Revelar resposta

  twice as much as = o dobro de; more than any other = mais que qualquer outro; even larger = ainda maiores; the next-closest = o segundo colocado. Pegadinha: "o dobro" lido como "nível semelhante" → Errado.

• Compreensão de texto em inglês (Cebraspe): que tipo de paráfrase no item costuma torná-lo Errado?

  Revelar resposta

  Paráfrase com quantificador exagerado ("sem qualquer", "todos", "principal causa") ou com causa trocada (o texto atribui o problema a X; o item, a Y). Palavra absoluta no item pede prova absoluta no texto.

• Inglês: o que significam ripple effects, around the nation e felt by millions?

  Revelar resposta

  ripple effects = efeitos em cascata (repercussões); around the nation = em todo o país; felt by millions = sentido por milhões. Ex. (PRF 2021): "ripple effects are being felt around the nation" → a crise do Texas tem impacto em todo o país → certo.

• Compreensão em inglês: por que o item que troca a FONTE de uma informação costuma estar Errado?

  Revelar resposta

  O Cebraspe troca quem diz ou quem projeta: "projected by Israel's Environment Ministry, according to a report by Haaretz" → a projeção é do ministério; o jornal só noticiou. "We can serve as Texas…", dito pelo produtor sobre as paisagens ≠ os atores atuaram no Texas. Confira sempre o sujeito do verbo de fala/projeção.

• Inglês: o que could, might, may, it is hoped sinalizam num texto — e como o Cebraspe explora isso?

  Revelar resposta

  São modalizadores: indicam possibilidade ou expectativa, não fato nem finalidade. Ex.: o e-Taste "could serve as an aid in reintroducing taste" (aplicação possível) ≠ "was projected to aid" (finalidade do projeto) → Errado. Item que transforma possibilidade em fato ou objetivo tende a estar errado.

• Compreensão em inglês: quais inversões de sentido o Cebraspe mais usa?

  Revelar resposta

  Inverter comparação ou hierarquia: "chess (fixed rules) is the ideal scenario; language is almost the opposite" → item "translate is easier than chess" = Errado. climactic paper (o ápice, o mais importante) → item "least relevant paper" = Errado. one of the greatest challenges ≠ the most serious problem.

• Compreensão em inglês: item que traz elemento que o texto não menciona, ou que troca o foco do texto, está certo?

  Revelar resposta

  Errado. Extrapolação: o item introduz dado alheio (ex.: "daily complaints from final users" num texto sobre computadores quânticos que funcionam "on their worst days") ou toma um ponto de partida como ideia central (avanços do séc. XX × desafios do séc. XXI).

• Compreensão em inglês: quando uma inferência ou paráfrase do item é considerada Certa?

  Revelar resposta

  Quando decorre diretamente do trecho, sem acrescentar absolutos. Ex.: "R&D decisions are significant determinants of the sorts of technologies developed" → decisões humanas pesam na escolha das tecnologias (Certo); "rose less strongly in 2023 than the year before" → cresceu em percentual menor (Certo); bolsas com estágio em empresas → aproximam pesquisa e aplicação (Certo).

Questões de Inglês — compreensão de texto e estratégias de leitura

1. Questão 1 · Certo ou Errado

   Long-haul truck drivers are among the most exposed workers on any highway network, and fatigue remains one of their deadliest hazards. Studies of road crashes involving heavy vehicles suggest that drowsiness plays a role in a significant share of collisions, although the exact figure is hard to establish, since tired drivers who survive rarely admit to having dozed off.

   The problem is rooted in the economics of freight. Many drivers are paid by the trip or by the kilometre rather than by the hour, which encourages them to cut rest stops short. Tight delivery windows set by shippers add further pressure. As a result, some drivers turn to stimulants to stay awake, a practice that may delay sleep but does not restore alertness.

   Regulators have responded with rules limiting continuous driving time and requiring minimum rest periods. Electronic logging devices, which record when a vehicle is moving, have made these rules harder to dodge. However, enforcement depends on inspections, and secure parking areas where drivers can actually rest are still scarce along many routes.

   Technology offers another line of defence. Some fleets now install in-cab cameras that track eye movements and sound an alarm when a driver's eyelids stay closed for too long. Supporters argue that such systems save lives; critics counter that constant monitoring erodes drivers' privacy and may shift responsibility from employers to individual workers.

   A researcher who studies transport safety at a public university put it bluntly: no device can replace a good night's sleep. In her view, unless pay structures change, drivers will keep trading rest for income, and the roads will remain more dangerous than they need to be.

   O texto relaciona a remuneração dos caminhoneiros por viagem ou por quilômetro rodado a um incentivo para que encurtem as paradas de descanso.

   Revelar gabarito

   Gabarito: Certo

   Certo. O segundo parágrafo afirma: "Many drivers are paid by the trip or by the kilometre rather than by the hour, which encourages them to cut rest stops short" (o pagamento por viagem/quilômetro os incentiva a encurtar as paradas).

2. Questão 2 · Certo ou Errado

   Long-haul truck drivers are among the most exposed workers on any highway network, and fatigue remains one of their deadliest hazards. Studies of road crashes involving heavy vehicles suggest that drowsiness plays a role in a significant share of collisions, although the exact figure is hard to establish, since tired drivers who survive rarely admit to having dozed off.

   The problem is rooted in the economics of freight. Many drivers are paid by the trip or by the kilometre rather than by the hour, which encourages them to cut rest stops short. Tight delivery windows set by shippers add further pressure. As a result, some drivers turn to stimulants to stay awake, a practice that may delay sleep but does not restore alertness.

   Regulators have responded with rules limiting continuous driving time and requiring minimum rest periods. Electronic logging devices, which record when a vehicle is moving, have made these rules harder to dodge. However, enforcement depends on inspections, and secure parking areas where drivers can actually rest are still scarce along many routes.

   Technology offers another line of defence. Some fleets now install in-cab cameras that track eye movements and sound an alarm when a driver's eyelids stay closed for too long. Supporters argue that such systems save lives; critics counter that constant monitoring erodes drivers' privacy and may shift responsibility from employers to individual workers.

   A researcher who studies transport safety at a public university put it bluntly: no device can replace a good night's sleep. In her view, unless pay structures change, drivers will keep trading rest for income, and the roads will remain more dangerous than they need to be.

   Segundo o texto, os estimulantes usados por alguns motoristas retardam o sono e restabelecem o estado de alerta.

   Revelar gabarito

   Gabarito: Errado

   Errado. O texto diz que o uso de estimulantes "may delay sleep but does not restore alertness": pode retardar o sono, mas NÃO restaura o estado de alerta. O item inverte a segunda parte da informação.

3. Questão 3 · Certo ou Errado

   Long-haul truck drivers are among the most exposed workers on any highway network, and fatigue remains one of their deadliest hazards. Studies of road crashes involving heavy vehicles suggest that drowsiness plays a role in a significant share of collisions, although the exact figure is hard to establish, since tired drivers who survive rarely admit to having dozed off.

   The problem is rooted in the economics of freight. Many drivers are paid by the trip or by the kilometre rather than by the hour, which encourages them to cut rest stops short. Tight delivery windows set by shippers add further pressure. As a result, some drivers turn to stimulants to stay awake, a practice that may delay sleep but does not restore alertness.

   Regulators have responded with rules limiting continuous driving time and requiring minimum rest periods. Electronic logging devices, which record when a vehicle is moving, have made these rules harder to dodge. However, enforcement depends on inspections, and secure parking areas where drivers can actually rest are still scarce along many routes.

   Technology offers another line of defence. Some fleets now install in-cab cameras that track eye movements and sound an alarm when a driver's eyelids stay closed for too long. Supporters argue that such systems save lives; critics counter that constant monitoring erodes drivers' privacy and may shift responsibility from employers to individual workers.

   A researcher who studies transport safety at a public university put it bluntly: no device can replace a good night's sleep. In her view, unless pay structures change, drivers will keep trading rest for income, and the roads will remain more dangerous than they need to be.

   Infere-se do texto que os registradores eletrônicos de jornada tornaram dispensável a fiscalização nas rodovias.

   Revelar gabarito

   Gabarito: Errado

   Errado. Embora os "Electronic logging devices" tenham tornado as regras "harder to dodge" (mais difíceis de burlar), o texto ressalva: "However, enforcement depends on inspections" — o cumprimento das regras continua dependendo de fiscalização.

4. Questão 4 · Certo ou Errado

   Highways are not only the arteries of legitimate trade; they also serve as corridors for one of the world's most lucrative illegal markets. Wild animals captured in forests are frequently moved by road, hidden in car boots, buses and lorries, before reaching urban buyers or ports from which they are shipped abroad.

   Parrots, songbirds, turtles and small primates are among the species most often seized. Traffickers typically pack them into plastic bottles, socks or cramped boxes to escape detection. Conservation groups estimate that most animals taken from the wild die before they reach their final destination, either from suffocation, dehydration or stress. This means that each animal sold represents several others that perished along the way.

   Roadside inspections remain a key tool against the trade. Officers trained to recognise suspicious cargo, unusual noises or the smell of animal waste have intercepted shipments that would otherwise have gone unnoticed. Yet traffickers adapt quickly. When checkpoints become predictable, they switch routes, split loads among several vehicles or travel at night.

   Seizure is only the first step, however. Rescued animals need veterinary care, and many cannot be released immediately because they are weak or have lost their natural fear of humans. Rehabilitation centres are often overcrowded and underfunded, which forces authorities to make difficult choices about where to send them.

   Experts also point out that penalties for wildlife crime tend to be light compared with those for drug or arms trafficking, even though the same criminal networks are sometimes involved in all three. Stronger sentences, combined with intelligence sharing between police and environmental agencies, could make the business less attractive.

   Depreende-se do texto que o número de animais silvestres vendidos subestima o total de animais retirados da natureza, uma vez que muitos morrem durante o transporte.

   Revelar gabarito

   Gabarito: Certo

   Certo. O texto afirma que a maioria dos animais retirados da natureza morre antes de chegar ao destino e conclui: "This means that each animal sold represents several others that perished along the way".

5. Questão 5 · Certo ou Errado

   Highways are not only the arteries of legitimate trade; they also serve as corridors for one of the world's most lucrative illegal markets. Wild animals captured in forests are frequently moved by road, hidden in car boots, buses and lorries, before reaching urban buyers or ports from which they are shipped abroad.

   Parrots, songbirds, turtles and small primates are among the species most often seized. Traffickers typically pack them into plastic bottles, socks or cramped boxes to escape detection. Conservation groups estimate that most animals taken from the wild die before they reach their final destination, either from suffocation, dehydration or stress. This means that each animal sold represents several others that perished along the way.

   Roadside inspections remain a key tool against the trade. Officers trained to recognise suspicious cargo, unusual noises or the smell of animal waste have intercepted shipments that would otherwise have gone unnoticed. Yet traffickers adapt quickly. When checkpoints become predictable, they switch routes, split loads among several vehicles or travel at night.

   Seizure is only the first step, however. Rescued animals need veterinary care, and many cannot be released immediately because they are weak or have lost their natural fear of humans. Rehabilitation centres are often overcrowded and underfunded, which forces authorities to make difficult choices about where to send them.

   Experts also point out that penalties for wildlife crime tend to be light compared with those for drug or arms trafficking, even though the same criminal networks are sometimes involved in all three. Stronger sentences, combined with intelligence sharing between police and environmental agencies, could make the business less attractive.

   De acordo com o texto, as penas aplicadas aos crimes contra a fauna costumam ser mais severas que as aplicadas ao tráfico de drogas e de armas.

   Revelar gabarito

   Gabarito: Errado

   Errado. O texto diz o contrário: "penalties for wildlife crime tend to be light compared with those for drug or arms trafficking" — as penas tendem a ser brandas em comparação com as do tráfico de drogas ou de armas.