Inglês — vocabulário, substituição de palavras e reescrita

Flashcards de Inglês — vocabulário, substituição de palavras e reescrita

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• Inglês: sinônimos frequentes em itens de substituição do Cebraspe

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  dull = boring; reliant on = dependent on; definite = clear; fear that = be afraid that; emerge from = leave; soon = before long; figure (out) = realize; some sort of = some form of; ensure = make sure. Confira o sentido no contexto e a concordância ("people are afraid").

• Inglês: o que significam liable, groundbreaking, abscond with, commandeer e separate (adjetivo)?

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  liable = responsável juridicamente (≠ liar, mentiroso); groundbreaking = inovador (≠ conventional); abscond with = fugir levando (≠ keep); commandeer = apropriar-se, requisitar (≈ adopt); separate (adj.) = independente, próprio; state = estado/governo estadual.

• Inglês: Despite ↔ Although? Apart from ↔ Except for? neither…nor ↔ neither…or? If…not ↔ unless? no longer ↔ not…anymore?

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  despite + substantivo/-ing; although + oração → troca simples inválida. apart from = além de ou exceto; except for só exclui → inválida quando o sentido é aditivo. neither…nor é par fixo → or inválido. if you don't have = unless you have ✔; no longer seem = don't seem…anymore ✔.

• Inglês: reescritas com lest, at the expense of, short for, X-based e after — o que conferir?

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  lest = para que não (lest X be crowded out = to avoid leaving X out); at the expense of quality = mesmo que implique escolher menos qualificados; short for = which stands for; nature-based solutions = solutions from nature (núcleo no fim). Pegadinha: started after completing a course ≠ started and then completed (ordem invertida).

Questões de Inglês — vocabulário, substituição de palavras e reescrita

1. Questão 1 · Certo ou Errado

   Long-haul truck drivers are among the most exposed workers on any highway network, and fatigue remains one of their deadliest hazards. Studies of road crashes involving heavy vehicles suggest that drowsiness plays a role in a significant share of collisions, although the exact figure is hard to establish, since tired drivers who survive rarely admit to having dozed off.

   The problem is rooted in the economics of freight. Many drivers are paid by the trip or by the kilometre rather than by the hour, which encourages them to cut rest stops short. Tight delivery windows set by shippers add further pressure. As a result, some drivers turn to stimulants to stay awake, a practice that may delay sleep but does not restore alertness.

   Regulators have responded with rules limiting continuous driving time and requiring minimum rest periods. Electronic logging devices, which record when a vehicle is moving, have made these rules harder to dodge. However, enforcement depends on inspections, and secure parking areas where drivers can actually rest are still scarce along many routes.

   Technology offers another line of defence. Some fleets now install in-cab cameras that track eye movements and sound an alarm when a driver's eyelids stay closed for too long. Supporters argue that such systems save lives; critics counter that constant monitoring erodes drivers' privacy and may shift responsibility from employers to individual workers.

   A researcher who studies transport safety at a public university put it bluntly: no device can replace a good night's sleep. In her view, unless pay structures change, drivers will keep trading rest for income, and the roads will remain more dangerous than they need to be.

   Em "some drivers turn to stimulants to stay awake", o "phrasal verb" "turn to" poderia ser substituído por "resort to", sem prejuízo do sentido do texto.

   Revelar gabarito

   Gabarito: Certo

   Certo. "Turn to" significa, no contexto, "recorrer a" (buscar algo como solução), mesmo sentido de "resort to": "some drivers resort to stimulants to stay awake".

2. Questão 2 · Certo ou Errado

   Long-haul truck drivers are among the most exposed workers on any highway network, and fatigue remains one of their deadliest hazards. Studies of road crashes involving heavy vehicles suggest that drowsiness plays a role in a significant share of collisions, although the exact figure is hard to establish, since tired drivers who survive rarely admit to having dozed off.

   The problem is rooted in the economics of freight. Many drivers are paid by the trip or by the kilometre rather than by the hour, which encourages them to cut rest stops short. Tight delivery windows set by shippers add further pressure. As a result, some drivers turn to stimulants to stay awake, a practice that may delay sleep but does not restore alertness.

   Regulators have responded with rules limiting continuous driving time and requiring minimum rest periods. Electronic logging devices, which record when a vehicle is moving, have made these rules harder to dodge. However, enforcement depends on inspections, and secure parking areas where drivers can actually rest are still scarce along many routes.

   Technology offers another line of defence. Some fleets now install in-cab cameras that track eye movements and sound an alarm when a driver's eyelids stay closed for too long. Supporters argue that such systems save lives; critics counter that constant monitoring erodes drivers' privacy and may shift responsibility from employers to individual workers.

   A researcher who studies transport safety at a public university put it bluntly: no device can replace a good night's sleep. In her view, unless pay structures change, drivers will keep trading rest for income, and the roads will remain more dangerous than they need to be.

   O trecho "unless pay structures change, drivers will keep trading rest for income" poderia ser reescrito como provided that pay structures change, drivers will keep trading rest for income, sem alteração do sentido original.

   Revelar gabarito

   Gabarito: Errado

   Errado. "Unless" equivale a "if... not" (a menos que a remuneração mude, os motoristas continuarão trocando descanso por renda). "Provided that" equivale a "if/desde que" e inverte a condição: os motoristas continuariam trocando descanso por renda justamente se a remuneração mudasse.

3. Questão 3 · Certo ou Errado

   Highways are not only the arteries of legitimate trade; they also serve as corridors for one of the world's most lucrative illegal markets. Wild animals captured in forests are frequently moved by road, hidden in car boots, buses and lorries, before reaching urban buyers or ports from which they are shipped abroad.

   Parrots, songbirds, turtles and small primates are among the species most often seized. Traffickers typically pack them into plastic bottles, socks or cramped boxes to escape detection. Conservation groups estimate that most animals taken from the wild die before they reach their final destination, either from suffocation, dehydration or stress. This means that each animal sold represents several others that perished along the way.

   Roadside inspections remain a key tool against the trade. Officers trained to recognise suspicious cargo, unusual noises or the smell of animal waste have intercepted shipments that would otherwise have gone unnoticed. Yet traffickers adapt quickly. When checkpoints become predictable, they switch routes, split loads among several vehicles or travel at night.

   Seizure is only the first step, however. Rescued animals need veterinary care, and many cannot be released immediately because they are weak or have lost their natural fear of humans. Rehabilitation centres are often overcrowded and underfunded, which forces authorities to make difficult choices about where to send them.

   Experts also point out that penalties for wildlife crime tend to be light compared with those for drug or arms trafficking, even though the same criminal networks are sometimes involved in all three. Stronger sentences, combined with intelligence sharing between police and environmental agencies, could make the business less attractive.

   No trecho "shipments that would otherwise have gone unnoticed", a expressão "gone unnoticed" poderia ser substituída por "been overlooked", sem prejuízo do sentido do texto.

   Revelar gabarito

   Gabarito: Certo

   Certo. "Go unnoticed" significa "passar despercebido"; "be overlooked" significa "não ser percebido/ser ignorado". A reescrita "shipments that would otherwise have been overlooked" mantém o sentido e a correção.

4. Questão 4 · Certo ou Errado

   Highways are not only the arteries of legitimate trade; they also serve as corridors for one of the world's most lucrative illegal markets. Wild animals captured in forests are frequently moved by road, hidden in car boots, buses and lorries, before reaching urban buyers or ports from which they are shipped abroad.

   Parrots, songbirds, turtles and small primates are among the species most often seized. Traffickers typically pack them into plastic bottles, socks or cramped boxes to escape detection. Conservation groups estimate that most animals taken from the wild die before they reach their final destination, either from suffocation, dehydration or stress. This means that each animal sold represents several others that perished along the way.

   Roadside inspections remain a key tool against the trade. Officers trained to recognise suspicious cargo, unusual noises or the smell of animal waste have intercepted shipments that would otherwise have gone unnoticed. Yet traffickers adapt quickly. When checkpoints become predictable, they switch routes, split loads among several vehicles or travel at night.

   Seizure is only the first step, however. Rescued animals need veterinary care, and many cannot be released immediately because they are weak or have lost their natural fear of humans. Rehabilitation centres are often overcrowded and underfunded, which forces authorities to make difficult choices about where to send them.

   Experts also point out that penalties for wildlife crime tend to be light compared with those for drug or arms trafficking, even though the same criminal networks are sometimes involved in all three. Stronger sentences, combined with intelligence sharing between police and environmental agencies, could make the business less attractive.

   No último parágrafo, o adjetivo "light", em "penalties for wildlife crime tend to be light", poderia ser substituído por "severe", sem alteração do sentido do texto.

   Revelar gabarito

   Gabarito: Errado

   Errado. Aplicado a penas, "light" significa "leve, branda" (sinônimo de "lenient"); "severe" significa "severa", sentido oposto. O próprio texto pede "Stronger sentences", confirmando que as penas atuais são brandas.

5. Questão 5 · Certo ou Errado

   Police forces in several countries have started to use live facial recognition, a technology that compares the faces of passers-by with images stored in watch lists. Cameras mounted on vans or poles scan crowds in real time, and an alert is sent to officers whenever the software finds a probable match.

   Advocates say the system helps locate fugitives and missing persons far faster than traditional methods. In some trials, wanted suspects were arrested within minutes of walking past a camera. Moreover, the technology does not get tired or distracted, unlike human officers watching hours of footage.

   Civil liberties groups, on the other hand, warn that mass scanning turns everyone into a potential suspect. They also raise concerns about accuracy. Earlier generations of algorithms were found to produce more false matches for women and people with darker skin, partly because they had been trained on unrepresentative data sets. Developers claim that recent versions have narrowed this gap, but independent audits are not always available to confirm it.

   A false match is not merely a technical glitch. For the person wrongly stopped, it may mean being questioned in public, searched or even detained. Critics argue that the burden of proving innocence should never fall on someone simply because a machine flagged their face.

   Some cities have banned the use of facial recognition by public agencies altogether, while others allow it under strict conditions, such as judicial authorisation, clear limits on how long images can be stored and regular reporting on results. Lawmakers in many places, however, have yet to set any specific rules, leaving decisions largely in the hands of police leaders.

   O trecho "Lawmakers in many places, however, have yet to set any specific rules" poderia ser reescrito como Lawmakers in many places, however, have not set any specific rules so far, sem alteração do sentido original.

   Revelar gabarito

   Gabarito: Certo

   Certo. A construção "have yet to + verbo" indica algo que ainda não aconteceu ("ainda não estabeleceram"). "Have not set... so far" ("não estabeleceram até agora") preserva o sentido. Não confundir "yet to" com afirmação de que algo já ocorreu.